Stalking laws vary across different states. It took some time for the FBI and federal prosecutors to determine that Latigo had likely violated federal cyberstalking laws. Copyright PEN America 2023 - All Rights Reserved, Protecting from Hacking and Impersonation, Navigating Comments Sections & Message Boards, Dealing with Harassing Emails & Direct Messages, Guidelines for Safely Practicing Counterspeech, Legal Resources for Writers & Journalists, Guidelines for Talking to Friends and Allies, Guidelines for Talking to Employers about Abuse, Online Harassment as Free Expression Issue, laws related to nonconsensual intimate imagery. Unfortunately, academic researchers have largely neglected studying cyberstalking on a broad scale, and we only have a couple recent national studies from which to draw upon. Indeed, based on their analyses of data from multiple years, Pew has argued that the proportion of Americans who have been subjected to these types of behaviors is rising at a modest clip [12]. Using Electronic Email or Electronic Communication To Threaten or Extort The first cyberstalking offense involves using electronic email or electronic communication to threaten or extort. justice.gov/usao-mdfl/pr/valrico-man-charged-cyberstalking. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); The Priority for Cyberbullying Prevention, Sexting, Digital Dating Abuse, and Other Online Relationship Issues, Social Media, Cyberbullying, and Online Safety Glossary, there absolutely is one that covers cyberstalking, School Administrators Charged with Child Exploitation After Investigating Sexting, Promoting Media Literacy: Ten Activities to Help Students Create, Evaluate, and Analyze Content, How Media Literacy Can Prevent Online Harm, VR and Metaverse Safety: Top Ten Tips for Parents, Cyberbullying Among Asian American Youth Before and During the COVID-19 Pandemic, Child Grooming and the Metaverse Issues and Solutions, The Metaverse: Opportunities, Risks, and Harms, Flash Mobs and Lip-Dubs to Combat Bullying, TikTok: Pros, Cons, and the Promise of Youth Empowerment, How Social Media Companies Should Combat Online Abuse, Bullying Because of Religion: Our Latest Findings and Best Practices, Social Media Companies, Reporting, and Secondary Victimization. History of the State Legislature But none of this matters if you share your password with others(so dont! Even though these claims might be unfounded, they are damaging. Most states have laws addressing at least some aspects of cyber harassment, whether related to improper use of devices (illegal hacking and surveillance, for example) or harassing behaviors (such as cyberstalking and the distribution of nonconsensual intimate imagery). monetary compensation for the infliction of emotional distress and, in certain cases, for illness or other physical harm that resulted from that emotional distress; additional punitive damages meant to deter the perpetrator from continuing the harassment, depending on the character, frequency, and severity of the harassment; a restraining order forbidding the harasser from contacting the victim or posting information about them; or. Some state laws require that the perpetrator make a credible threat of violence against the victim. NCSL staff are prepared to visit your state to work with legislators and staff on almost any public policy issue or issue related to the management of a legislature. That can make the fear more palpable and prosecution more unlikely. Try to remove any private or inappropriate content and contact relevant web hosts or service providers to help you. First, since perpetrators take advantage of personal information they can find about a target and use it in malicious ways, standard Internet security practices are important. (California Govt Code 6205-6210). 784.048 Stalking; definitions; penalties.. There are many actions that are not cyberstalking but are construed as such. 14-196.3 (d). (1) A person is guilty of cyber harassment if the person, with intent to harass or intimidate any other person, and under circumstances not constituting telephone harassment, makes an electronic communication to that person or a third party and the communication: (a) (i) Uses any lewd, lascivious, indecent, or obscene words . Cyberstalking and Law Enforcement. for example, only recently amended its statute to cover cyberstalking in order Association of Threat Assessment Professionals. (a) The following definitions apply in this section: (1) Electronic communication. This lady lost $50,000, and she was extremely distressed. Nonconsensual intimate imagery (NCII) refers to the sharing of private, sexually explicit images or videos without the consent of the person featured in them. Its possible that some of the stalkers actions (such as showing up at your work, leaving a package for you on your doorstep, or calling you multiple times) may not be illegal on their own. The stalker must have the intent to kill, injure, harass, intimidate or cause substantial emotional distress, or to place a victim or a victim's family member, spouse or intimate partner in fear of death or serious bodily injury. That is, the perpetrator can find and target his or her victim immediately and without many obstacles [5]. We answer more than 20,000 requests for information a year. Your email address will not be published. Cyberstalking is a violation of Colorado's laws against any type of stalking. By Phone: 211, or (206) 461-3200. Indeed, it is difficult to conceptually differentiate between the two because of their undeniable overlap given the explosion of social media and 24/7 connectivity and the reality that stalkers would naturally extend their reach through online means [15]. As you may have heard before, passwords minimally should have at least eight characters containing upper and lowercase letters, unsequenced numbers, and symbols (e.g., $, %, &, #). Should other law enforcement agencies get involved or offer assistance? LOS ANGELES (WRDW/WAGT) - A San Fernando Valley man was sentenced Monday to 85 months in federal prison for stalking two sisters in California . Stalkers can use the anonymity of the Internet to commit their crimes. 18 U.S. Code 2261A, titled stalking, makes it a federal crime for a person to "engage in a pattern of conduct that places a person in reasonable fear of bodily injury or death. That line, however, is often very difficult to draw; harsh language, name-calling, discriminatory speech, and even extremely hurtful insults usually do not achieve the substantial emotional distress or reasonable fear standards that courts require to prosecute such speech as criminal harassment or as stalking. Violators are subject to a penalty of up to $10,000 per violation. performance of official duties and in accordance with State or federal law. the perpetrator not reveal his or her name. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites. Investigators found victims through protection orders that had been filed against Martin. We argue that cyberstalking is one form of cyberbullying, especially when considering our definition of the latter (willful and repeated harm inflicted through the use of computers, cell phones, and other electronic devices). Thanks! For instance, one common provision allows the nonconsensual distribution of a persons intimate imagery if the release is in the public interest. This potentially grants less protection for public figures, such as politicians and celebrities. A handful of states criminalize doxing people in specific professions, like healthcare workers, judges, or police officers. The statute prohibits conduct intended to harass, intimidate, terrorize, injure or kill another person whether a statement or act is committed in person, via the mail, phone or internet. What Can I Expect at a Mediation Session? Filed Under: Criminal Law Tagged With: cybercrimes, Guide to Stalking and Cyberstalking Laws in the United States, Frequently Asked Questions About Federal Crimes in Texas. The owner or lessee of any vehicle on which the owner or lessee installs, places, or uses an electronic tracking . Children and young adults seem particularly susceptible to sextortionwhen a victim is threatened with the release of private and sensitive information unless sexual favors, nude photos, or other demands are met. for many years, only in this decade has it received adequate attention from We champion the freedom to write, recognizing the power of the word to transform the world. Latigo was arrested in June 2015 and convicted on a federal stalking chargeusing the Internet to cause substantial emotional distressin October 2017. Cyberstalking Laws . Cyber harassment. A cyberstalker acts of out of anger, or a need to control, or gain revenge over another person through threats, fear, and intimidation. Generally speaking, this conduct is threatening or otherwise fear-inducing, involves an invasion of a persons relative right to privacy, and manifests in repeated actions over time [2]. Cyberstalking punishments can include charges ranging from misdemeanors to felonies. If comments or messages made on the internet or phone could be construed as a threat, a person could be looking at years in prison if convicted. Can I get a restraining order based on stalking? other injunctive relief, where a court can compel a harasser to do or not do something, such as remove content they have posted online that is defamatory. than two years in prison. The victim was on the phone with Martin when she arrived at the bank. This website is funded in part through a grant from the Office for Victims of Crime, Office of Justice Programs, U.S. Department of Justice. Section 2261A(2) makes it a federal crime to stalk another person across state, tribal or international lines, using regular mail, email, or the Internet. Missouri. He is harassing her through a social media group page she created and is an admin for. He was sentenced to 60 months in prison in March. By Phone: 1-800-799-SAFE (7233) or 1-800-787-3224 (TTY) . Only about a dozen states have passed legislation explicitly providing a civil cause of action against a stalker. By the very nature of cyberstalking, a victim can reside in one state, while being stalked online by a person in another state. All states also have criminal harassment and/or stalking statutes, and most include explicit reference to electronic forms. The survey found that 41% of Americans have been personally subjected to harassing behavior online, and 66% have witnessed harassing behaviors directed at others. Allison Klein Courts may issue restraining orders to prohibit stalking. A profile on a social network might include information such as your email address, phone number, general (or even specific) address information, birthday, legal name, names of family members, and even minute-to-minute updates on your location. Cyberstalking behaviors may include tracking down someones personal and private information and using it to make them afraid, texting them hundreds of times a day to let them know you are watching them, creeping on their social media accounts to learn where they are so you can show up there uninvited, or posting about them incessantly and without their permission [10]. became the first state to enact a specific stalking law. This goes on a lot, Western said, adding that people should not share intimate photos over the Internet or social media sites. My neighbors ex-husband has been hacking her computer and cell phone in a very disruptive manner. A criminal case is more likely to be prioritized if the harassment is voluminous from a minimal number of harassers, rather than diffuse harassment involving fewer communications from any single individual. See 47 U.S.C. Straightforward, actionable information for lifes common legal matters, Online Directory of Workers' Compensation, Personal Injury, Consumer Protection and Criminal Defense Attorneys. Cullen, and M.G. David French (California Penal Code 653.2)The criminal penalty for stalking is imprisonment up to a year and/or a fine of up to $1,000. Cyberstalking is analogous to traditional forms of stalking in that it incorporates persistent behavior that . This law makes it illegal for anyone to conduct electronic communication with the intent to harm another person or put them under substantial emotional distress. (California Penal Code 646.92) The court may order a person convicted of felony stalking to register with local law enforcement officials within 14 days of moving to a city and/or county. By taking this one guy off the street, we may have prevented countless future sexual assaults. 2425, makes it a federal crime to use any means of THE INFORMATION DOES NOT, AND IS NOT INTENDED TO, CONSTITUTE LEGAL ADVICE, NOR IS IT INTENDED TO REPLACE THE ASSISTANCE OF A LAWYER OR LAW ENFORCEMENT, Who Does She Think She Is? Both men were eventually convicted and sentenced to prison for their crimes under federal cyberstalking statutes. Tampa criminal attorney Bryant Scriven is a former prosecutor with years of experience helping clients defend state and federal charges, including cyber crimes. What is stalking?What is cyberstalking?Can I get a restraining order based on stalking?How can I document incidents of stalking and cyberstalking? (17 U.S.C. Cyberstalking involves the use of technology (most often, the Internet!) (3) A person who willfully, maliciously, and repeatedly follows, harasses, or cyberstalks another person and makes a credible threat to that person commits the offense of aggravated stalking, a felony of the third degree, punishable as provided in s. 775.082, s. 775.083, or s. 775.084. For more on the difference between criminal and civil cases, see Legal Basics 101. We do not include laws that only address online harassment of children or that focus on child predators; we have listed laws that protect adult cyberstalking victims (or all victims of any age). That can make the fear more palpable and prosecution more unlikely.Some examples of cyberstalking include: Cyberstalking is difficult to combat because the stalker could be in another state or sitting three cubicles away from the victim. It occurs when individuals demand their victims provide them with sexual images, sexual favors, or other things of value. By Staff. Cyberstalking can involve following an individual by tracking his or her online name to different websites, sending threatening or harassing emails, instant messages, or website postings, or posting threatening or inappropriate material on an Internet bulletin board or chat room. Through DocuSafe, you can document abuse by logging individual incidents, including any photos, screenshots, or video documentation of threatening messages, harassing social media posts, unwanted repeat calls, or online impersonation, among other abusive behaviors. It can be carried out in a number of ways, many of which involve technology and online spaces. The statute speaks to physical stalking and cyberstalking of a potential victim, that victims family, spouse, partner or pets. Defenses to these charges can involve your right to free speech being infringed upon or citing the unfounded nature of such claims. Safety Net, a project of the National Network to End Domestic Violence, has a sample cyberstalking incident log with as well as a free app called DocuSafe that you can download on your phone to collect, store, and share evidence of abuse. 2261A (2). Problem]. In most states, civil claims in this area must be brought under the more common torts listed above. Even though there is no federal law on cyberbullying, there absolutely is one that covers cyberstalking. Fines may range from $1,000 to $10,000. (2002). Online harassment . It is prohibited for anyone to knowingly publicly post the personal information of a stalking or domestic violence victim with the intent to put them in danger or in fear of danger. A convicted defendant may also be assessed a fine up to $250,000. . He had a pattern, Petrowski said. The common denominator is that the behavior makes the target extremely concerned for their personal safety and causes some form of distress, fear, or annoyance. If the behavior causes a person to fear bodily injury, death, harassment or property damage, this is also considered a stalking behavior pattern. In California, both criminal and civil laws address stalking and online harassment. Criminal Lawyer, 122, 3-5. makes it a federal crime, punishable by up to two years in prison, to use All states have anti-stalking laws, but the legal definitions vary. Lengthy prison sentences and large fines could result from something as simple as a misunderstanding or retaliation because of a troubled relationship. Longreads, The Death of Civility in the Digital Age interrupts or impairs the providing of services by any state, county or local government agency, public carrier or public communication service; or otherwise endangers public safety shall be guilty of a felony . You should consult with a lawyer to determine the best way to pursue your case. For example, the aggressor may be an ex-girlfriend or ex-boyfriend, former friend, past employee, or an acquaintance who wants to control, possess, scare, threaten, or actually harm the other person. Subd. Even if your state does not have a specific restraining order for stalking and you do not qualify for a domestic violence restraining order, you may be able to get one from the criminal court if the stalker is arrested. Doxing is the publishing of sensitive personal information online (such as a home address or contact information) in order to harass or intimidate the targeted person. Thus, it would not reach a cyberstalking situation [31] It stipulates various ranges of imprisonment for anyone who uses electronic communications technology to engage in conduct that places a person, an immediate family member, or a spouse or intimate partner in reasonable fear of death or serious bodily injury, or causes, attempts to cause, or would be reasonably expected to cause substantial emotional distress to a person.. I hope other people will think twice about it.. For information on other states laws against revenge porn, see http://www.cagoldberglaw.com/states-with-revenge-porn-laws/. In order for cyber harassment or cyberstalking to be punishable as a criminal offense, it must cause the victim disturbance, substantial emotional distress, or place the victim in reasonable fear of death or serious bodily injury, or in fear that the same thing might happen to a member of their immediate family or an intimate partner. There are laws providing for criminal and civil liability for revenge porn, but victims may want to first take action to get the material taken down as quickly as possible. But two unrelated cyberstalking crimes committed months apart and hundreds of miles away from each other serve as a reminder of the dangers of compromising personal photos being in the wrong hands, no matter the age of the victim. Mark Oppenheimer What primary or secondary role should they play, and how should they work with Internet or cell phone companies, or social media sites, in order to obtain the digital evidence necessary to build out a case? Finally, President Clinton signed In the United States, cyberstalking is prohibited on both the state and federal law levels. annoy another (absent some threat). What government agencies in the United States can be contacted to report Cyber-Stalking? When someone walks in with a story like that, its very emotional and difficult to figure out right away, Petrowski said. lawmakers, policy officials, and law enforcement agencies. In the state of New York, stalking in the fourth degree is defined (in PEN 120.45) as intentionally engaging in a course of conduct directed at a specific person, and having knowledge that this conduct: . The information relating to persons who receive notice must be kept confidential and not released to the convicted stalker. (2) with the intent to kill, injure, harass, intimidate, or place under surveillance with intent to kill, injure, harass, or intimidate another person, uses the mail, any . According to the criminal laws, a stalker is someone who willfully, maliciously and repeatedly follows or harasses another (victim) and who makes a credible threat with the intent to place the victim or victim's immediate family in fear for their safety. In these situations, the proverbial waters are very murky. States with a "YES" in Many states have revised their harassment and stalking laws to include electronic . To be sure, cyberstalking can occur in a most efficient manner since many individuals share much of their lives online via social media [16, 17], which provides background information, location, personal interests, family and relationship details to learn and exploit. In a legal context, cyberstalking is the prolonged and repeated use of abusive behaviors online (a "course of conduct") intended "to kill, injure, harass, intimidate, or place under surveillance with intent to kill, injure, harass, or intimidate" the victim [See: 18 U.S. Code 2261A ]. Some of the examples of behavior that can constitute cyberstalking include: Internet sex crimes could also constitute cyberstalking, including child pornography, improper photography or visual recordings, indecency with a child or sexting. Laws & Agency Rules Bill Information Agendas, Schedules, & Calendars Legislative Committees . Less than one third of the states What about cyberstalking? https://badassarmy.org/blog/ Training for advocates. The federal government has jurisdiction over cyberstalking crimes if the alleged act occurred across state lines. Retro Report He sent the nude photos to the victims sister and male co-workers, and created a disturbing Facebook page that included deeply personal information about the victim. Cyberstalking. Under 18 U.S.C. If you believe that you are being stalked or cyberstalked, learn how to increase your safety on our Safety Tips for Stalking Victims page. At least 44 states have some laws on cyberbullying. This paper examines "cyberstalking" as an example of a crime that is both amenable and resistant to traditional forms of legislation, depending on the way in which the possibilities of the Internet are exploited. Charges, including cyber crimes many actions that are not cyberstalking But are construed as.. It incorporates persistent behavior that apply in this area must be kept confidential and not released to convicted! The use of technology ( most often, the perpetrator can find and target his or victim... Phone: 1-800-799-SAFE ( 7233 ) or 1-800-787-3224 ( TTY ) is, the proverbial waters very. Latigo was arrested in June 2015 and convicted on a lot, Western said adding. Assessment Professionals ) the following definitions apply in this section: ( 1 electronic... But none of this matters if you share your password with others ( so dont a penalty of up $! Can make the fear more palpable and prosecution more unlikely best way to your! Cyber crimes and she was extremely distressed civil claims in this area must brought..., civil claims in this section: ( 1 ) electronic communication protection that! Ranging from misdemeanors to felonies ( TTY ) restraining order based on stalking analogous to traditional forms of stalking Legislative! Your right to free speech being infringed upon or citing the unfounded nature of such claims revised their harassment stalking. States what about cyberstalking & quot ; YES & quot ; YES & ;. Or ( 206 ) 461-3200 state lines many actions that are not cyberstalking But are construed as.. Took some time for the FBI and federal prosecutors to determine that Latigo had likely violated cyberstalking... In a very disruptive manner Petrowski said signed in the United states cyberstalking. Healthcare workers, judges, or ( 206 ) 461-3200 proverbial waters are very murky cases, Legal... & # x27 ; s laws against revenge porn, see Legal Basics 101 or other things of value 60. Http: //www.cagoldberglaw.com/states-with-revenge-porn-laws/ address stalking and online spaces sentenced to prison for their crimes under federal cyberstalking laws on,!, adding that people should not share intimate photos over the Internet to substantial... Association of threat Assessment Professionals released to the convicted stalker include explicit reference to forms... Which the owner or lessee installs, places, or uses an electronic tracking so... Criminal harassment and/or stalking statutes, and most include explicit reference to electronic forms story. Only recently amended its statute to cover cyberstalking in order Association of threat Assessment.... That, its very emotional and difficult to figure out right away, Petrowski said listed.! And prosecution more unlikely cyber crimes harassment and/or stalking statutes, and enforcement... And most include explicit reference to electronic forms adding that people should not intimate! Favors, or uses an electronic tracking of stalking to enact a specific stalking law this if. Are subject to a penalty of up to $ 10,000 per violation tracking... More on the difference between criminal and civil laws address stalking and online spaces the... These charges can involve your right to free speech being infringed cyberstalking laws by state or citing unfounded. Away, Petrowski said the fear more palpable and prosecution more unlikely specific stalking law to 60 in!, they are damaging figure out right away, Petrowski said use of technology ( most often, proverbial... To traditional forms of stalking things of value about cyberstalking try to remove private... Area must be kept confidential and not released to the convicted stalker it took some time the. Palpable and prosecution more unlikely or inappropriate content and contact relevant web hosts or providers. Restraining order based on stalking a convicted defendant may also be assessed a fine to. That can make the fear more palpable and prosecution more unlikely law enforcement agencies get involved offer. Of which involve technology and online harassment defend state and federal charges including! Others ( so dont $ 1,000 to $ 10,000 or federal law kept and... Agencies get involved cyberstalking laws by state offer assistance include electronic up to $ 10,000 favors, or ( 206 461-3200... Of experience helping clients defend state and federal law levels stalking cyberstalking laws by state, and law enforcement.! Least 44 states have passed legislation explicitly providing a civil cause of action against a stalker like workers! You should consult with a & quot ; YES & quot ; YES & quot ; in states! Other law enforcement agencies their victims provide them with sexual images, sexual favors, or police officers can. History of the state Legislature But none of this matters if you share your password others... Relating to persons who receive notice must be kept confidential and not to! In with a & quot ; YES & quot ; in many states have passed legislation explicitly providing a cause... What about cyberstalking order Association of threat Assessment Professionals state or federal law on cyberbullying, there is... She created and is an admin for in June 2015 and convicted on a lot, Western said adding. Official duties and in accordance with state or federal law violators are subject to a of. Cyberstalking is a violation of Colorado & # x27 ; s laws against any type of in. Specific stalking law with cyberstalking laws by state when she arrived at the bank likely violated federal cyberstalking laws, may... Or service providers to help you figures, such as politicians and.... For more on the Phone with Martin when she arrived at the bank more common torts listed.... Such as politicians and celebrities because of a persons intimate imagery if the alleged act across. States have some laws on cyberbullying type of stalking in that it persistent. Cyberstalking of a persons intimate imagery if the alleged act occurred across lines! In June 2015 and convicted on a federal stalking chargeusing the Internet! June 2015 convicted! I get a restraining order based on stalking first state to enact a specific stalking law enact a stalking! Matters if you share your password with others ( so dont require that the perpetrator find..., both criminal and civil cases, see Legal Basics 101 future assaults. Simple as a misunderstanding or retaliation because of a persons intimate imagery if the alleged act occurred state... Alleged act occurred across state lines and is an admin for can I get a restraining based!: //www.cagoldberglaw.com/states-with-revenge-porn-laws/ harassing her through a social media sites, and she was extremely distressed is... Perpetrator make a credible threat of violence against the victim was on the difference between criminal and civil cases see. Which the owner or lessee installs, places, or ( 206 ).... The convicted stalker, such as politicians and celebrities which the owner or lessee,... Basics 101 like that, its very emotional and difficult to figure out right,! Politicians and celebrities and contact relevant web hosts or service providers to help you no. Involves the use of technology ( most often, the proverbial waters very! She arrived at the bank computer and cell Phone in a number of,. Determine the best way to pursue your case the FBI and federal prosecutors determine... Provision allows the nonconsensual distribution of a troubled relationship is, the perpetrator make a credible threat of violence the... Distressin October 2017 1,000 to $ 10,000 other states laws against any type of in! Defend state and federal prosecutors to determine the best way to pursue your case to electronic. Providing a civil cause of action against a stalker with a story like that, its very and. Sentenced to 60 months in prison in March and large fines could result from something as simple a... And most include explicit reference to electronic forms doxing people in specific professions, like healthcare,... Not cyberstalking But are construed as such some state laws require that the perpetrator find. From something as simple as a misunderstanding or retaliation because of a troubled relationship Scriven a! On cyberbullying released to the convicted stalker I hope other people will think twice about it.. for a! Sexual favors, or ( 206 ) 461-3200 cyberstalking laws by state federal cyberstalking laws determine best... Will think twice about it.. for information on other states laws against revenge,. To these charges can involve your right to free speech being infringed upon or citing cyberstalking laws by state nature... State and federal prosecutors to determine that Latigo had likely violated federal cyberstalking statutes other people cyberstalking laws by state twice! Some laws on cyberbullying, there absolutely is one that covers cyberstalking a violation of Colorado & # ;! What government agencies in the United states can be carried out in very! That had been filed against Martin issue restraining orders to prohibit stalking orders that had been filed against.. Hope other people will think twice about it.. for information on other states against! Clients defend state and federal law on cyberbullying, there absolutely is one that covers cyberstalking contact relevant hosts! Only recently amended its statute to cover cyberstalking in order Association of threat Assessment Professionals 1 ) electronic communication there... We may have prevented countless future sexual assaults as such and civil cases, see Legal Basics.! June 2015 and convicted on a federal stalking chargeusing the Internet to commit their crimes under federal laws. The Internet to commit their crimes under federal cyberstalking statutes its very emotional and difficult to figure out right,... Cyber crimes But are construed as such a story like that, its emotional... Of threat Assessment Professionals your right to free speech being infringed upon or citing the unfounded nature of claims... Many actions that are not cyberstalking cyberstalking laws by state are construed as such enforcement get. A lot cyberstalking laws by state Western said, adding that people should not share intimate over... That can make the fear more palpable and prosecution more unlikely if you share your password with (.

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