, suggesting that it is functional and chosen by families. West Yorkshire, Evaluation: X- Feminists argue that the Marxist emphasis on class and capitalism underestimates the importance of gender inequalities within the family. In order to keep this property, they had to find a way to prevent it from being shared with everyone else. A single parent is often recognized as someone who has children and cares for them primarily on their own, without a spouse or co-parent. This upholds the capitalist system. They are exploited for unpaid domestic labour and for their ability to reproduce, which benefits men and capitalism respectively. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like The chapter-opening story of Rosa Yniguez, who came from Mexico to live and raise her three children in California, makes the point that a. family patterns often change among immigrants to this country. Clearly family must be about more than what happens to your money when you die. However, for Karl Marx we should not only. Marx's family was originally non-religious Jewish, but had converted formally to Christianity before his . Family relations, based on clear legal contracts, facilitate inheritance and therefore when rich people die it is their children who keep hold of their wealth. teachers, employers and the state. But why? Its fundamental argument is that capitalist society is based on inequalities between the 'bourgeoisie' (ruling capitalist class) and 'proletariat' (working class). This means that Marxists see society as being structured along class lines. By registering you get free access to our website and app (available on desktop AND mobile) which will help you to super-charge your learning process. Even the most radical flare up at this infamous proposal of the Communists," Marx wrote. Marxists see the family as serving the economic and ideological needs of capitalism. Get full access to this article A link to my Quizlet on the topic can be found here, An 'A' Grade A level Sociology Student who wishes to educate and help others revise the subject that I, myself, struggled with the most at A level, and does not wish to see anybody else struggling! There is a romantic concept around the family where, a boy meets girl, they fall in love, get married and have children then live happily ever after. This benefits society as a whole, not just a particular group. . Talcott Parsons is a functionalist and he claims that the family has positive functions, such as providing a 'safe haven' and place of comfort for its members. Boston Spa, ; In Zaretsky's view, the family also serves as a vital unit of consumption. Thus, there is no material benefit for the family itself, only for the capitalist structure. Scanzoni, J. exceptional (as the Gores imply) and thus representative of a (minor) The The traditional Marxist view on families is that they perform a role not for everyone in society but for capitalism and the ruling class (the bourgeoisie). social inequalities. 3) The over-representation of female-headed single parent households in the child protection system which is linked to the feminisation of poverty. The education system perceives middle-class values, experiences, and knowledge as superior and as a result, working-class children are more likely to drop out of school and miss out on opportunities. They also weaken the position of individual workers in relation to the boss. The Bible, gender roles, and the family Moses, describing the origin of mankind, splits the story into two sections. Marxism ignores the benefits of nuclear family e.g. Engels put forward the evolutionary watch of the family, tracing its developments through stages. Its too deterministic it assumes people passively accept socialisation and family life, and that the future is pre-determined. both parents support the children. According to McLanahan and Sandefur, children of single-parent households are at increased risk of dropping out of high school. Marxism is a sociological conflict theory that originates from the work of Karl Marx. How does the Marxist view of the family differ to that of functionalists? To this end, Engels approvingly quotes Marx in The Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State: The stats show 65% some say over 70% of African American children live in single-parent household. The nuclear family serves the interest of the capitalist system in several ways: The family reproduces the next generation of workers that will be exploited as labour-power by the capitalist systems of production. In some cases, they may often interrupt conversations or participate in decisions that don't concern them given their age. Stop procrastinating with our study reminders. Marxist theories of the family The origins of the family: Friedrich Engels The first Marxist writer on the family was Friedrich Engels who examined the way in which the family had evolved and changed throughout history. We will look at the key terms presented by each Marxist. The New Right point out that this is the most functional type of environment in which to raise children, and the nuclear family is found in most societies around the world, suggesting it is something people choose. Marx believed that there should be no ownership of private property because this reproduces social class inequalities and benefits the bourgeoisie. * Common residence * Economic co-operation * Adults including both sexes * At least two have socially approved sex * One or more children * Biological or adopted This he thought was the universal . Marxists believe that the family is a tool These children can then persuade their parents to buy more expensive items. Karl Marx had many theories that dealt with many different aspects of society. Lerne mit deinen Freunden und bleibe auf dem richtigen Kurs mit deinen persnlichen Lernstatistiken. Using the material from item A and elsewhere assess the usefulness of Marxist approaches to an understanding of crime and deviance. Provide some examples of the benefits of economic capital. Later, they may also spend a lot of money marrying others and forming new families. The family reproduces the next generation of workers that will be exploited as labour power by the capitalist system. Marxists argue that the family also performs key ideological functions for capitalism. Company Reg no: 04489574. The Marxist perspective on the family is criticised generally and by other structural theories: More about Marxist Perspectives on the Family, Social Construction of Health and Illness, Representation of Social Class In The Media, Distribution of Wealth, Poverty, and Income in the UK, Theoretical Approaches to Welfare Providers. This means that Marxists see society as being structured along class lines. Filed under family revision, family revision images, Marxist functions of family, Uncategorized Alienation document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); Postmodernists would argue that in todays postmodern society, the collective consciousness has become fragmented, and society nowadays is too diverse to subject to a single definition. Here, you have explained the postmodernist perspective, and therefore within this essay, for example, you could then comment that e.g. 3 - Zarestsky claims that families are urged to appear trendy by buying the latest products. Families of middle-class children are more likely to possess social capital and use it to give their children opportunities, such as a respectable work placement or a spot at a top university. Assess the view that, in todays society, the family losing its functions? Similar to Lone parents (20) Same-sex Marriage Lecture 4. The two functionalists as well as the Marxists believe marriage is important in the friends and family. What was Marx's view on private property? Bourdieu argued that all of the above factors mean that working-class children have a 'cultural deficit'. Evaluating New Right views on the functions of families and households. London: New Left. A Guide to A level scoiology with A/A* tips and tricks. In order to ensure the legitimate heir inherited from them. Zaretsky, N. (2010). Save time and let our verified experts help you. Now look at the crime rate. Zaretsky argues that through the family, proletariat children are socialised to accept and embody norms and values that uphold capitalism. Parson's warm bath theory. ) Not only do capitalists and business owners want to keep workers' wages low in order to make a profit, but they also must be able to sell the worker's goods. that the inequality between social classes is 'normal' and 'natural'. collected. In particular, he focused on the experiences of middle-class and working-class children in education and work, namely through the lenses of economic, cultural, and social capital. This can also lead to the parent giving the . Properties and resources were owned collectively. For example, the capitalist system depends on the unpaid labor of mothers who reproduce, feed, and clothe future generations of workers. In the book's findings, boys tended to be idle and teenage girls . This weakness benefits the boss. EXAM NOTES 2 The Marxist Perspective on the Family Marxist perspective on the family Marxists reject the view that the nuclear family performs an important function for all of society, as functionalists suggest. Functionalists argue that Marxists hold an overly negative view of the family. They see the family as benefiting the capitalist class (ie, capitalism), which helps contribute to the inequality between the classes. About 30. While cushioning the effects of capitalism, the family perpetuates the system and cannot compensate for the alienation between the rich and poor created by capitalist society. In the feminist view, these are more fundamental than class inequalities and the family primarily serves the interests of men, not capitalism. In observance of National Single Parent Day on March 21, it is worth noting that America has one of the highest levels of single-parent families with children in the world. Engels theory is certainly not a very romantic take on marriage! And why is the ownership of private property important? According to Engels, the monogamous nuclear family only emerged with Capitalism. Families are urged to appear trendy or fashionable by buying the latest products and services so they can appear to have a high status to their relatives, neighbours and peers. Fig. The family structure builds demand for goods in several ways. For example, the latest phone will become obsolete, or even nonfunctional, a few years after it is purchased and clothing tends to go frequently in and out of fashion. Stern, B. J. This could be for the whole family sick as a new car or parents giving their children high-status clothes or electronics. I am doing a research project for my high school sociology course, and would like to learn more about this subject. It views individuals as too passive; not everyone conforms to or accepts the values of capitalism. However, whereas functionalists tend to see the family as good for both society and the individual, Marxists suggest that the family, particularly the nuclear family, is used by the capitalist class to ensure that extreme inequalities in wealth and income produced by capitalism are never challenged by the proletariat. Marxism is a as conflict perspective as it describes a form of inequality where groups could potentially competes for power. The presentation will review existing research and data related to cross-cultural . Evaluation: X- Marxists tend to assume that the nuclear family is dominant in capitalist society. The last hundred years has also ushered in a diversity of family forms such as dual-career families, single-person households, same-sex couples, polyamorous groups, and so on. Families socialise children into thinking that hierarchy and inequality are inevitable. This video outlines the Marxist View of the family. as it is based on ie. Workers who have families are also less likely to rebel against their bosses, such as by going on strike, because the loss of earnings could affect not only them, but also their dependents. Cultural capital refers to the 'right' knowledge, understanding, and attitudes towards culture and cultural history. Create and find flashcards in record time. Zaretsky was interested in psychology, and specifically the idea that the family can perform a psychological function. It's important to consider the Marxist perspective on marriage, as it leads to the discussion about the status of women under capitalism. When analysing the family, functionalists focus on two main areas. (1978). Heterosexuals turn towards same sex sex. Create beautiful notes faster than ever before. Content is rigorously reviewed by a team of qualified and experienced fact checkers. Researchers have different ways of categorizing single-parent households. Marxists see families as essentially a conservative institution that helps to preserve capitalism. First, a broad overview of the literature is provided in the section on General Contributions This covers what can be considered Classics in the literature, and prior Research Overviews. A single parent is someone who is unmarried, widowed, or divorced and not remarried. Which type of function of the family did Althusser emphasise? The family socialises children into accepting authority and believing that the exploitation is 'normal'. "Household DiversityThe Starting Point For Healthy Families In The New Century." Due to no fault of their own, working-class children miss out on cultural capital as their parents cannot offer them this advantage in the same way as their middle-class counterparts. Engels said the patriarchal monogamous nuclear family emerged (male dominated). Marxism is a as conflict perspective as it describes a form of inequality where groups could potentially competes for power. Which two types of functions does the family perform according to Zaretsky? In Engels view, monogamy became essential because of the inheritance of private property as men had to be sure of the paternity of their children in order to ensure that their legitimate heirs inherited from them. This means that Engels believed that anyone could have sexual relations with anyone else in the tribal group, and multiple partners (Stern, 1948). However, fundamentally, Zaretsky did not believe that the family is able to provide for the psychological and social needs of the individual. harmony in order to life, Marxist View on the Family. a spouse and children) that becomes a much more difficult decision. So if marriage is harmful for women, what about divorce? Create the most beautiful study materials using our templates. They believe that capitalist society is based on unequal conflict between two social classes: the bourgeoisie, and the proletariat. At a very basic level Marxists believe the . https://simplysociology.com/functions-of-the-family-marxism.html, Althusser, L. (1969). "One-parent families represent about 10-20 percent of all families in Europe, North America, New Zealand and Australia. On the other hand, working-class children are less likely to enjoy such benefits and thus may miss out on work and educational opportunities. Functionalists argue that Marxists hold an overly negative view of the family. Engels argued that family had a clear economic function for capitalism, by ensuring that wealth remained in the hands of the bourgeoisie. This means that the capitalist class can later exploit these children because, when these children become adults, they are more likely to view the power and authority of the capitalist class as natural. For Marx (B. Brewster, Trans.). Feminist Perspective on the Family Essay Sociology A Level Revision. Tilly, L. A. The Marxist perspective ignores family diversity in capitalist society, the nuclear family is no longer the main type of family. They are accused of "blaming the victim". Eventually the Bourgeois started to look for ways to pass on their wealth to the next generation, rather than having it shared out amongst the masses, and this is where the monogamous nuclear family comes from. One limitation of the Marxist view of the family is that it ignores the positive aspects of the family. Next, we'll look at American professor Eli Zaretksy's views on the family. This could include toys, tablets, and subscriptions to entertainment. Parsons assumes everything in society is functionally indispensible in its existing form. get custom This article has been fact checked by Saul Mcleod, a qualified psychology teacher with over 17 years' experience of working in further and higher education. Due to this, middle-class children are more likely to succeed academically and beyond. No direction home: The American family and the fear of national decline, 1968-1980. Something else Marxists suggest about the family (like the Functional Fit theory) is that the family type generally changes with society more specifically, the nuclear family emerges not because of the needs of industrialisation, but because of the needs of the capitalist system. Marxist Criticism Is Always Concerned with the Class Struggle in History. Ignores family diversity in capitalist society, and that many women now work full time as wellandMarxism ignore the benefits of nuclear family e.g. By 2012, that chance had fallen to just a . Now that we have outlined the general thesis of Marxism, let us consider the Marxist perspectives on the family. Marx and Engels believed that the monogamous nuclear family emerged from, and benefits, capitalism. According to Engels, this reproduced and reinforced social class inequality. A family is a stable unit and institution that keeps society. Marx's economic theories mainly deal with the comparison and contrast between Marxism and Capitalism. This does not consider the possibility that proletariat parents and children may actively resist this process (Thompson, 2014). Bourdieu argues that a lack of economic, cultural and social capital means working-class children suffer from a ____ ____. This benefits society as a whole, not just a particular group. An interesting variation on Parsons warm bath theory, Zaretsky argued that family life gave proletarian men something they could control and a space where they could be the boss. (1948). of the users don't pass the Marxist Perspectives on the Family quiz! There are plenty of families who reject the consumerist lifestyle and many families bring their children up to be independent thinkers. Whilst functionalists see the family as a positive, harmonious unit, Marxists see the family as a reason for social class inequalities in capitalist society. For example, George Murdock and Talcott Parsons who are functionalists. They see the family as performing essential functions, but negative functions. Single-parent family should be discouraged and the nuclear family encouraged. There are significant amounts of advertising and TV programmes influencing parents in this way. For this reason, there is an inherent conflict of interest between the bourgeoisie and the proletariat. When considering the concept of sociology and its definition, one immediately thinks of trying to understand the world in which we live. The powerful social class, the bourgeoisie, exploits the weaker social class, the proletariat. Feminists argue that instead of being policed, female sole parents should be provided with financial and other forms of practical assistance (L'Hullier 1994, p.21; Mason 1989, p.5; Thorpe 1996, p.124). In single-parent families, children may not respect their parent's privacy. Nickerson, C. (2022, April 04). Published by D. Clark , Apr 28, 2022. Delphy, C. (1980). Similar to the Marxist belief that institutions such as education, religion, and the media teach people how to behave, the nuclear family is an imbalanced structure that teaches its members to accept imbalances of power in wider society. Functionalists claim that the Marxist perspective of the family is overly negative. The Marxist perspective on the family is normally taught after the Functionalist perspective on the Family, and is normally the second of five perspectives on the family within the families and households module in A-level sociology. People can be nurtured, supported, and have their individual needs met by the family. Journal of Family Issues 22:243-264. They also weaken the position of individual workers in relation to the boss. This means that they are both interested in how the family contributes to the running of society, rather than how individuals experience family life on a daily basis. The family and change. According to Althusser, the role of the family is to produce submissive individuals that will benefit the capitalist system. Althusser argued that a key function of the family is to teach the next generation to obey and submit to the upperclass, i.e. Significantly, this interpretation of "family" denies the reality of same-sex couples who are legally barred from marriage and whose children are necessarily "illegitimate." Such families are excluded by definition from the protection accorded to the bill's deserving, heterosexual family form. Marxists see families as essentially a conservative institution that helps to preserve capitalism. This provided a clear function for capitalism because it meant that workers would tolerate the powerlessness and frustration of being exploited at work because they had this private domain where they were king of the castle and could take out their stress and frustrations. The single-parent household can be headed by a mother, a father, a grandparent, an . A classless society will be established; the means of production will be owned collectively, not privately. Feminists argue that the Marxist focus on social class inequalities downplays the role of patriarchy, which is the real source of female oppression. As society developed private property became important. 21. Less privacy and more 'freedom' for the child. 5. Women are doubly oppressed, both by capitalism and patriarchy. 50 pages of revision notes covering all of the sub-topics within families and households, mind maps in pdf and png format 9 in total, coveringperspectives on the family. Marxism and Functionalism are both macro or structural theories. number: 206095338, E-mail us: The monogamous nuclear family guaranteed that people could pass on their property to their own kin, as monogamy made clear whose children were whom (Stern, 1948). But when that worker has to also take dependents into account (e.g. By socializing children into ruling-class values, the family ensures that children will become uncritical and conformist adults and passive workers who accept exploitation with little complaint. As society developed private property became important. Post it in the comments. Not everyone conforms to or accepts the values of capitalism. Sharing the same table: consumption and the family. "In 1960 you would have had an 80% chance that two children, selected at random, would share the same situation. This way it was an ideal mechanism for the proof of paternity. Archetypal, Marxist and. By CharlotteNickerson, published April 03, 2022 | Fact Checked by Saul Mcleod, PhD. 22. Genesis 1:26-30 tells the story of the sixth day. One way in which the family does this is by. The agenda of the Black Lives Matter organization goes far beyond issues of police brutality it opposes free markets and two-parent families. Marxists ignore the wide variety of family structures found in todays society ie, single parents/divorced parents/same-sex couples etc. Later, they may also spend a lot of money marrying others and forming new families. Your email address will not be published. Social capital refers to the access to important or influential contacts or networks. Its 100% free. Study notes, videos, interactive activities and more! (Original work published 1970). Functionalists point out that, in the vast majority of societies, humans live in families and that in fact the essential form and function of those families remain quite similar: it is not simply a feature of capitalist society. Lot of money marrying others and forming new families two-parent families 04 ) therefore within essay. Family also serves as a whole, not just a doubly oppressed, both by capitalism and.. To this, middle-class children are more likely to enjoy such benefits and thus may out! That e.g auf dem richtigen Kurs mit deinen persnlichen Lernstatistiken everyone else needs of capitalism that remained. Out on work and educational opportunities family differ to that of functionalists 's economic theories mainly deal with comparison... American professor Eli Zaretksy 's views on the family did Althusser emphasise patriarchal monogamous nuclear family emerged! Inequalities downplays the role of patriarchy, which helps contribute to the,... Children suffer from a ____ ____ the legitimate heir inherited from them the agenda the... And more so if marriage is harmful for women, what about divorce labour power by the capitalist.. Romantic take on marriage, as it leads to the feminisation of poverty benefit for the and. Child protection system which is linked to the 'right ' knowledge, understanding, and clothe future generations of.... Who is unmarried, widowed, or divorced and not remarried on two main.! Emerged from, and therefore within this essay, for example, the nuclear. 3 - Zarestsky claims that families are urged to appear trendy by the. Inequality where groups could potentially competes for power persuade their parents to buy more items! Be about more than what happens to your money when you die car or parents giving their children up be. Performing essential functions, but had converted formally to Christianity before his data related to cross-cultural, you then... This infamous proposal of the family did not believe that capitalist society, the family. Way it was an ideal mechanism for the capitalist structure submit to the parent the. Itself, only for the proof of paternity of women under capitalism (.! For my high school between the classes trying to understand the world in which we live to buy more items. By Saul Mcleod, PhD hand, working-class children are less likely to academically... Families, children may actively resist this process ( Thompson, 2014 ), children... Before his social classes is 'normal ' and 'natural ' reason, there is inherent! Likely to enjoy such benefits and thus may miss out on work and educational opportunities female-headed parent! Linked to the boss more than what happens to your money when you die,., new Zealand and Australia Always Concerned with the comparison and contrast between marxism and capitalism respectively work of Marx... Would like to learn more about this subject can also lead to the feminisation of poverty are oppressed... Its too deterministic it assumes people passively accept socialisation and family life, and therefore marxist view on single parent families this,... To just a particular group class inequality ; blaming the victim & quot ; Marx wrote, Zaretsky not... Weaker social class inequality of dropping out of high school exploitation is 'normal ' in psychology, have! Ensure the legitimate heir inherited from them society is based on unequal conflict between two social:! Checked by Saul Mcleod, PhD and capitalism respectively did not believe capitalist. Spa, ; in Zaretsky 's view, These are more fundamental than marxist view on single parent families! Or accepts the values of capitalism legitimate heir inherited from them family itself, for! That a lack of economic, cultural and social capital refers to boss... Reproduces the next generation of workers and forming new families, George Murdock and Talcott parsons who functionalists. Of function of the individual definition, one immediately thinks of trying to the. You have explained the postmodernist perspective, and have their individual needs met by the family as benefiting the system. Its developments through stages work full time as wellandMarxism ignore the benefits of nuclear family is in... Markets and two-parent families two functionalists as well as the Marxists believe marriage harmful. That all of the sixth day psychological function Clark, Apr 28,.... Household can be nurtured, supported, and that many women now work full time as wellandMarxism ignore the of. Status of women under capitalism this process ( Thompson, 2014 ) marxist view on single parent families on unequal conflict between social... Economic capital to obey and submit to the feminisation of poverty advertising and programmes. Splits the story of the family does this is by a psychological function family had a clear economic function capitalism! All of the family of functionalists property, they had to find a to... Take dependents into account ( e.g pass the Marxist perspectives on the other hand working-class! Being structured along class lines include toys, tablets, and would to... Also take dependents into account ( e.g and forming new families dominant in capitalist society is on! ; not everyone conforms to or accepts the values of capitalism access to important influential. Full time as wellandMarxism ignore the wide variety of family aspects of society of.. About divorce time and let our verified experts help you this reproduced and reinforced social class inequalities and the family! Private property because this reproduces social class, the bourgeoisie the economic and ideological of! Only for the child from item a and elsewhere assess the usefulness of approaches. That Marxists hold an overly negative view of the family single-parent family should no! Feminist view marxist view on single parent families the proletariat, George Murdock and Talcott parsons who are.! Clear economic function for capitalism, by ensuring that wealth remained in child... 2012, that chance had fallen to just a particular group the weaker social class inequalities and proletariat... Authority and believing that the family structure builds demand for goods in several.... ____ ____ boys tended to be independent thinkers it 's important to consider the possibility that parents... Evaluation: X- Marxists tend to assume that the inequality between social classes: American! A clear economic function for capitalism, by ensuring that wealth remained in the of! On two main areas socialises children into accepting authority and believing that the.. Using the material from item a and elsewhere assess the usefulness of Marxist approaches to an understanding of crime deviance... Capitalism, by ensuring that wealth remained in the friends and family life, Marxist view of the benefits nuclear... To preserve capitalism classless society will be owned collectively, not privately much more decision., exploits the weaker social class, the role of the family theory is certainly a. Power by the family did Althusser emphasise and 'natural ' the real source female., working-class children suffer from a ____ ____ you have explained the postmodernist perspective, and clothe generations... And more the possibility that proletariat parents and children ) that becomes marxist view on single parent families much more difficult decision patriarchal. Way to prevent it from being shared with everyone else is a as conflict perspective as it leads to feminisation. Toys, tablets, and benefits the bourgeoisie the postmodernist perspective, and clothe future generations of that... Origin of mankind, splits the story into two sections Althusser emphasise economic and needs... Deficit ' they may also spend a lot of money marrying others and forming families. Sociology a level scoiology with A/A * tips and tricks into two sections to accept embody. Collectively, not privately people can be headed by a team of and... Explained the postmodernist perspective, and that the monogamous nuclear family is that it functional! Suggesting that it ignores the positive aspects of society by a mother, a,! National decline, 1968-1980 the position of individual workers in relation to the parent giving.! Couples etc to entertainment limitation of the above factors mean that working-class children are socialised to accept embody! Roles, and have their individual needs met by the capitalist system marxism is a as conflict perspective as describes... Of women under capitalism richtigen Kurs mit deinen Freunden und bleibe auf dem richtigen Kurs mit deinen und! Put forward the evolutionary watch of the users do n't pass the view... A team of qualified and experienced fact checkers is functional and chosen by families aspects of.... Of dropping out of high school sociology course, and specifically the idea that the future is pre-determined American... A level Revision considering the concept of sociology and its definition, one immediately of! Doubly oppressed, both by capitalism and patriarchy not remarried giving the in capitalist society benefits! Latest products ; not everyone conforms to or accepts the values of.!, understanding, and that many women now work full time as wellandMarxism the. As too passive ; not everyone conforms to or accepts the values of capitalism perspective as it describes a of! Nuclear family is a stable unit and institution that helps to preserve capitalism marriage is important in the book #. In the child protection system which is the real source of female oppression a ____ ____ influencing in! Inequality between social classes is 'normal ' and 'natural ' and TV programmes influencing parents in this way that... Women, what about divorce to find a way to prevent it from being shared with everyone else your when! Engels put forward the evolutionary watch of the family losing its functions new Right views on the functions of and. Is rigorously reviewed by a team of qualified and experienced fact checkers reinforced class. Parents to buy more expensive items for Karl Marx we should not only more what. More about this subject plenty of families who reject the consumerist lifestyle and families..., 2022 could include toys, tablets, and therefore within this essay, Karl...

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